Slime production among uropathogenic bacterial isolates: Evaluating different phenotypic detection methods.
Keywords:
Bacterial Biofilm, uropathogens, TCP, urinary catheters
Abstract
Background: Biofilms are surface associated bacterial communities surrounded by a matrix of Exo -polymers. Biofilms contribute to the development of chronic urinary infections, refractory to antibiotic therapy.Methods: This prospective study was done on 150 non-repetitive urine samples from catheterized patients. Semi-quantitative bacterial culture was performed and isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. Biofilm formation was detected by Congo Red Agar Method (CRA), Tube Method (TM) and Tissue Culture Plate Method (TCP).Result: Significant bacteriuria was observed among 113/150(74.66%) samples. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant isolates 101(89.38%) and among GNB, Escherichia coli was commonly isolated 30/101(29.70%).Non E.coli Enterobacteriaceae (NECE) isolates include Klebsiella spp. 25/101(24.75%), Citrobacter spp 07/101(6.93%), Proteus spp. 17/101(16.83%) among non-fermenter bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21/101(20.79%).Gram positive (GPB) constitute 12/113(10.61%) among total isolates. Biofilm producers detected by TCP 79(69.91%), TM 60(53.09%) and CRA 11(9.73%) respectively.Conclusion: Detection of biofilms can be recommended for recurrent and recalcitrant infections before institution of empirical antibiotics. TCP method with good reproducibility and specificity which can be used for detection of biofilms in resource limited settings. DOI: 10.21276/apalm.2017.1064References
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18. Mohamed E, Shalakany HE. Detection of biofilm formation in uropathogenic bacteria. Egypt J Med Microbiol.2015;24(1):49-57.
19. Turkyilmaz S, Ezkiizmirliler S. Detection of Slime factor production and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus strains isolated from various animal clinical samples. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2006;30:201-6.
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21. Nabajit D. Comparison of tissue culture plate, tube method and Congo Red Agar method for the detection of biofilm formation by coagulase negative Staphyloccus isolated from non clinical samples. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci.2014;3(10):810-5.
22. Tayal R, Baveja S, De Anuradha. Comparison of phenotypic methods for detection of Biofilm production in uropathogens in tertiary care hospital in India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci.2015;4(9):840-9.
23. Pahraj I, Sistla S, Parija SC. Virulence factors in clinical and commensal isolates of Enterococcus species. Ind J Path Microbiol. 2013;56(1):24-30. [doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.116144] [PMID:23924554].
24. Golia S, Hittinahalli V, Karjigi S K, Reddy K M. Correlation between biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its antibiotic resistance pattern. J Evol Med Den Sci.2012;1(3):166-75.
PMID:12194761.
2. Mah TF, O'Toole GA.Mechanism of Biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol. 2001 ;9(1);34-39. [PMID:11166241].
3. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin Scott HM. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995;49:711-45.
4. Bordi and de Bentzmann: Hacking into bacterial biofilms: a new therapeutic challenge. Annals of Intensive Care. 2011 1:19. (doi:10.1186/2110-5820-1-19)
5. Collee JG, Duguid JP, Fraser AG, Marmion B P, Simmons A. Laboratory strategy in the diagnosis of infective syndrome. In Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology. 14thed. New Delhi: Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. 2006. P. 53-94.
6. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JA, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM et al. Adherence of Coagulase negative Staphylococci to plastic tissue cultures: a quantitative model for the adherence of Staphylococci to medical devices. J. Clin.Microbiol.1985;22:996-1006. [PMID: 3905855 PMCID:PMC271866].
7. Christensen GD, Simpson Wa, Bisno AL, Beachey EH. Adherence of slime producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect. Immunol.1982 ;37(1):318-26. [PMID:6179880].
8. Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT. New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol.1989 ;42(8):872-4. [PMID:2475530].
9. Abdallah NMA, Elsayed SB, Mostafa MY, Elgohary GM. Biofilm forming bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection, relation to catheterization and susceptibility to antibiotics. Int J Biotech and mol bio research.2011;2(10):172-8.
10. Jain P, Parada JP, David A, Smith LG. Overuse of the indwelling urinary tract catheter in hospitalized medical patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1995 :155 (13);1425–9. [PMID:7794092].
11. Yassien M, Khardori N. Interaction between biofilms formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and quinolones. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis.2001;40:79-89. [PMID:11502373].
12. Bakke A, Digranes A. Bacteriuria in patients treated with clean intermittent catheterization. Scand J Infect Dis. 1991;23(5):577-82. [PMID:19865057].
13. Teshager L, Asrat D, Tamiru S. Catheterized and non-catheterized urinary tract infections among patients attended at Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Southwest, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2008 Jan;46(1):55-62. [PMID:18711990].
14. Nickel JC, Costerton JW, McLean RJ, Olson M. Bacterial biofilms: influence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33 Suppl A:31-41.[PMID:7928835].
15. Lee JH, Kim SW, Byung Y, Wan D, Cho WH. Factors That Affect Nosocomial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Intensive Care Units: 2-Year Experience at a Single Center. Korean J Urol. 2013;54:59-65. [doi:10.4111/kju.2013.54.1.59]
16. Hassan SKR. Studies on urinary tract infections in Bangladesh. Med J. 1991;20:29-32.
17. Niveditha S, Pramodhini S, Umadevi S, Kumar S, Stephen S. The isolation & the biofilm of uropathogens in the patients with CA-UTI. J Clin Diag Res. 2012 ;6(9):1478-83. [doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2012/4367.2537].
18. Mohamed E, Shalakany HE. Detection of biofilm formation in uropathogenic bacteria. Egypt J Med Microbiol.2015;24(1):49-57.
19. Turkyilmaz S, Ezkiizmirliler S. Detection of Slime factor production and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus strains isolated from various animal clinical samples. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2006;30:201-6.
20. Hassan A, Usman J, Kaleem F, Omalr M, Khalid A, Iqbal M.Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in clinical isolates. Braz J Infect Dis.2015;15(4):305-11. [PMID:21860999]
21. Nabajit D. Comparison of tissue culture plate, tube method and Congo Red Agar method for the detection of biofilm formation by coagulase negative Staphyloccus isolated from non clinical samples. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci.2014;3(10):810-5.
22. Tayal R, Baveja S, De Anuradha. Comparison of phenotypic methods for detection of Biofilm production in uropathogens in tertiary care hospital in India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci.2015;4(9):840-9.
23. Pahraj I, Sistla S, Parija SC. Virulence factors in clinical and commensal isolates of Enterococcus species. Ind J Path Microbiol. 2013;56(1):24-30. [doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.116144] [PMID:23924554].
24. Golia S, Hittinahalli V, Karjigi S K, Reddy K M. Correlation between biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its antibiotic resistance pattern. J Evol Med Den Sci.2012;1(3):166-75.
Published
2017-02-19
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