On the Road of Universal Salt Iodization: The prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorder among school going children in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh
Keywords:
Endemic Goiter, Iodized salt, Hyperthyroidism, Iodine Toxicity.
Abstract
Background:With Universal Salt Iodization, district-wise monitoring of Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) along with potential toxic effects of excess Iodine intake is essential. This study was conducted with the objective of estimating the prevalence of IDD and prevalence of house-hold consuming adequate iodine in salt at consumer level, in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh in 2016.Methods:The cross-sectional study with cluster sampling was conducted, among school-going children (6-12 years of age). Overall, 30 schools (clusters) and 90 children from each cluster (30*90=2700) were selected to access Total Goiter rate (TGR). Total 540 salt samples and 270 urine samples were collected to estimate salt iodine content from their house-hold and Urine Iodine Excretion (UIE) respectively. Also, 150 households and 30 shopkeepers were interviewed to understand the awareness level for salt iodization.Result:The TGR in Damoh was 2.08% with prevalence of Grade I&II as 1.67% and 0.41% respectively. The 26% of population had iodine deficiency, 28% had adequate iodine levels, while 46% population had either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine. Besides, 72.4% of the population consume adequately iodized salt.Conclusion:Damoh is no more endemic for IDD. However, we recommend monitoring is required to assess IDD as well Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in future.References
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[14] Chandra AK, Bhattacharjee A, Malik T, Ghosh S. Goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school children in a sub-Himalayan Tarai region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian Pediatr 2008;45:469–74.
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[23] DELANGE F, de BENOIST B, ALNWICK D. Risks of Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism After Correction of Iodine Deficiency by Iodized Salt*. Thyroid 1999;9:545–56. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.545.
[24] Zhang J, Li S, Leng J, Chen Y, Pu J, Li J, et al. Changes of the spectrum on thyroid disease after the ten-year implementation of universal salt iodization in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2013;34:970–4.
[2] UNICEF. Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency: Progress since the 1990 World Summit for Children. UNICEF 3 United Nations Plaza New York 2008. https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Sustainable_Elimination_of_Iodine_Deficiency.pdf.
[3] Bleichrodt N, Born MP. A meta-analysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. Damaged Brain Iodine Defic New York Cogniz Commun 1994:195–200.
[4] Pandav CS, Yadav K, Srivastava R, Pandav R, Karmarkar MG. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India. Indian J Med Res 2013;138:418–33.
[5] Rah JH, Anas AM, Chakrabarty A, Sankar R, Pandav CS, Aguayo VM. Towards universal salt iodisation in India: Achievements, challenges and future actions. Matern Child Nutr 2015;11:483–96. doi:10.1111/mcn.12044.
[6] Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, Benoist B de. Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:518–25. doi:10.1590/s0042-96862005000700012.
[7] Hetzel B. IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) AND THEIR ERADICATION. Lancet 1983;322:1126–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90636-0.
[8] Census of India 2011: provisional population totals-India data sheet. New Delhi: Registrar General of India; 2011.
[9] UNICEF. Coverage Evaluation Survey 2009: All India Report n.d.
[10] National Rural Health Mission IDD & Nutrition Cell. Revised Policy Guidelines On National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme. Dir Gen Heal Serv Minist Heal Fam Welf Gov India 2006. http://dghs.gov.in/content/1348_3_NationalIodineDeficiency.aspx (accessed May 21, 2017).
[11] World Health Organization. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: A guide for programme managers 2007.
[12] Shinde M, Joshi A, Naik G, Trivedi A. PREVALENCE OF GOITER AND THE STATUS OF IODIZED SALT AMONG THE PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF A RURAL DISTRICT IN CENTRAL INDIA. Natl J Community Med 2015;6.
[13] Makwana NR, Shah VR, Unadkat S, Shah HD, Yadav S. Goiter prevalence and current iodine deficiency status among school age children years after the universal salt iodization in Jamnagar district, India. Thyroid Res Pract 2012;9:40. doi:10.4103/0973-0354.96030.
[14] Chandra AK, Bhattacharjee A, Malik T, Ghosh S. Goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school children in a sub-Himalayan Tarai region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian Pediatr 2008;45:469–74.
[15] Chandra AK, Tripathy S, Ghosh D, Debnath A, Mukhopadhyay S. Iodine nutritional status & prevalence of goitre in Sundarban delta of South 24-Parganas, West Bengal. Indian J Med Res 2005;122:419–24.
[16] SS M, G B, AS K, NS M, AS A. Iodine deficiency disorders in Bargarh district of western Orissa. Indian Pediatr 2000;37:536–9.
[17] Gakkhar RK, Bhardwaj VK, Chansoria M, Jain S, Visnoi R. Prevalence of goitre in school-going children in Jabalpur. Indian J Pediatr 2001;68:229–33. doi:10.1007/BF02723195.
[18] Indian Council of Medical Research. Tribal Health in Retrospect experiences from multidisciplinary research activities: AT RMRCT. Jabalpur: Director Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals; 2009.
[19] Annual Health Survey 2012 - 13 Fact Sheet. Off Regist Gen Census Comm n.d. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012_13.html (accessed May 21, 2017).
[20] World Health Organization. Urinary iodine concentrations for determining iodine status in populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. WHO/NMH/NHD/EPG/131 2013:3–4. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85972/1/WHO_NMH_NHD_EPG_13.1_eng.pdf.
[21] von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 2007;370:1453–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.
[22] Yang F, Teng W, Shan Z, Guan H, Li Y, Jin Y, et al. Epidemiological survey on the relationship between different iodine intakes and the prevalence of hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:613–8. doi:10.1530/EJE.0.1460613.
[23] DELANGE F, de BENOIST B, ALNWICK D. Risks of Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism After Correction of Iodine Deficiency by Iodized Salt*. Thyroid 1999;9:545–56. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.545.
[24] Zhang J, Li S, Leng J, Chen Y, Pu J, Li J, et al. Changes of the spectrum on thyroid disease after the ten-year implementation of universal salt iodization in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2013;34:970–4.
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2018-05-24
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