Implication of Serum and Salivary Levels of Albumin as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Premalignancy and Malignancy
Keywords:
Albumin, Serum, Salivary, Oral malignancy
Abstract
Background: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in the initiation and promotion of the multistep carcinogenesis. In neoplastic conditions many biochemical substances many biochemical substances including albumin show altered values .The aim of the present study was to investigate whether serum and salivary albumin levels can be used as diagnostic tools in oral premalignant and malignant leisons. Methods: The study includes a total of 45 subjects with 15 each of normal healthy, pre-malignancy and malignancy. Five milliliter of venous blood was drawn and unstimulated saliva was collected in the early morning. Albumin levels were estimated by Bromocresol Green Method. Results: Serum albumin levels were found to decrease in pre-malignancy and malignancy as compared to healthy individuals. Salivary Albumin levels were increased in pre-malignancy and malignancy as compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion: Tobacco consumption is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral cancer. Burst of reactive oxygen species which cause oxidative stress in tobacco users is prime form of damage brought to the genetic material leading to non-lethal mutations causing pre-malignancy and malignancy. Serum protein has long been implicated to have anti-oxidant properties due to rich concentration of free thiol group. Albumin is a potent extracellular anti oxidant defense and a reliable marker of oxidative stress in the body. It could be helpful in the early identification of various oral pre malignancy and malignant leisons.References
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28. Borek C. Antioxidants and cancer. Sci Med (Phila). 1997;4:51-62.
29. J. P. Nicholson, M. R. Wolmarans, G. R. Park. The role of Albumin in critical illness. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(4):599-610.
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31. Richter E, Connely R.R, Moul J.W. The role of pre-treatment serum Albumin to predict pathologic stage and recurrence among radical prostatectomy cases. Prostate cancer and Prostate disease 2000;7:186-190.
32. S Gokul, VS Patil, R Jailkhani, K Hallikeri, KK Kattappagari. Oxidant–antioxidant status in blood and tumor tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Diseases 2010;16:29–33.
33. Ko W-F, Helzsouer K.J, Comstock G.W. Serum Albumin billirubin and uric acid and anatomic site specific incidence of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;874-875.
34. Digant G, Christopher G Lis. Pretreatment serum albumin as a predictor of cancer survival: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Nutrition Journal 2010;9:69.
36. Battino M, Ferreiro MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bul¬lion P. The antioxidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:189-194.
37. Moore S, Calder KAC, Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA. Antioxidant capacity of saliva and periodontal disease. Free Rad Res 1994;21:417-425.
38. Roche M, Rondeau P, Singh NR, Tarnus E, Bourdon E. The antioxidant properties of serum albumin. FEBS Letts 2008;582:1783–1787.
2. Digant G, Pretreatment serum Albumin as a predictor of cacner survival: A systemic review of the epidemiological literature. Nutrition journal 2010;9:69.
3. Abhishek SN et al. Changing biochemical markers and ongoing process of transformation: - A pilot study. International Journal of Physics and Mathematical Sciences2012;2(1):164-73.
4. Harinder G. Antioxidants in oral cancer prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1410S-6S.
5. Chapple I, Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatroy diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:287-96.
6. Lannitti T, Palmieri B. Antioxidant therapy and its effectiveness in oxidative stress mediated disorders. In Oxidative stress in Vertebratesand invertebrates. Molecular aspects on cell signaling 2011.
7. Daniela M et al. Oxidative stress – A possible link between systemic and oral diseases. Farmacia 2011;59(3):329-37.
8. Carmia B. Dietary antioxidants and human cancer. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2004;3(4):333-341.
9. Johnson NT user and oral cancer: A global perspective. J Dent Edu 2001;65:328-39.
10. Mallikarjuna RK. Salivary Albumin as a Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Chronic Periodonitis. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2017;7:337-340.
11. Priya P, Shanta B, Nagini S. Oxidant antioxidant status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma in tissue and plasma – A biochemical analysis on 30 samples. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 2011;2(2):316-327.
12. Bargavi K. A Ashalatha. G, Venkat B .P, Rajanikanth .AV, Malathi .N S as a diagnostic bio fluid – Review. J Orofac Sci 2010;2(3):66-70.
13. Battino M, Ferreiro MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bullion P. The antixoidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:189-94.
14. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic application of saliva – A review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:197-212.
15. Ahishek SN, Mubeen K, K. R. Vijayalakshmi, M. Anitha Serum Albumin: Implications in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Academic Journal of Cancer Research 2011;4(2):56-60.
16. Khanna R. et al. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in oral carcinoma patients. Kathmandu Univ. Medical Journal 2005;3(12):334-39.
17. Pendyala G, Thomas B, Kumari S. The challenge of antioxidants to free radicals in periodontitis. J Indian Society Periodontol 2008;12:79-83.
18. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin M.T.D., Mazur M., Teser J., Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological function and human disease. Int J Biochen Cell Biol 2006;39:44-84.
19. Mohora M., Greabu M., Totan A., Mitrea N., Battino M., Redox – sensitive signaling factors and antioxidants Farmacia 2009
20. Kolanjiappan K., C.R. Ramachandra and S. Manoharam. Biochemical changes in tumor tissues of oral cancer patients. Clinical Biochemistry 2003;36:61-65.
21. Halliwell B., Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant physiol 2006;141:314-22.
22. T. lannitti, V. Rotttigni, B. Palmieri. Role of free radicals and antioxidant defences in oral cavity – related pathologies. J Oral Pathol Med 2012.
23. Cerutti PA, Trump BF. Inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Cancer cells 1991;3:1-7.
24. Niki E. Do free radicals play classical role in the artherosclerosis ? Low density lipoprotein oxidation and vitamin E revisited. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011;48:3-7.
25. Beevi SSS, Rasheed AMH, Geetha A. Evaluation of oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels in patients with oral cavity cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004;34:379–385.
26. Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression. Front Biosci 2005;10:1881-96.
27. Abhishek SN, Mubeen K, Vijayalakshmi KR, Suman B, Gayathri HC and Anitha M. Serum protein, albumin and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) – implication in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Malaysian J Pathol 2012;34(1):47-52.
28. Borek C. Antioxidants and cancer. Sci Med (Phila). 1997;4:51-62.
29. J. P. Nicholson, M. R. Wolmarans, G. R. Park. The role of Albumin in critical illness. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(4):599-610.
30. Moran E.C., A.S. Kamiguti, J.C. Cawley and A.R. Pettitt. Cytoprotective antioxidant activity of serum albumin and autocrine catalase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. British J. Hematol. 2002;116:316-28.
31. Richter E, Connely R.R, Moul J.W. The role of pre-treatment serum Albumin to predict pathologic stage and recurrence among radical prostatectomy cases. Prostate cancer and Prostate disease 2000;7:186-190.
32. S Gokul, VS Patil, R Jailkhani, K Hallikeri, KK Kattappagari. Oxidant–antioxidant status in blood and tumor tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Diseases 2010;16:29–33.
33. Ko W-F, Helzsouer K.J, Comstock G.W. Serum Albumin billirubin and uric acid and anatomic site specific incidence of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;874-875.
34. Digant G, Christopher G Lis. Pretreatment serum albumin as a predictor of cancer survival: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Nutrition Journal 2010;9:69.
36. Battino M, Ferreiro MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bul¬lion P. The antioxidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:189-194.
37. Moore S, Calder KAC, Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA. Antioxidant capacity of saliva and periodontal disease. Free Rad Res 1994;21:417-425.
38. Roche M, Rondeau P, Singh NR, Tarnus E, Bourdon E. The antioxidant properties of serum albumin. FEBS Letts 2008;582:1783–1787.
Published
2020-03-11
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