Pap Smear Test as Screening Tool for the Prevention of Carcinoma Cervix
An Institutional Study
Keywords:
Cervical cancer, Pap smear, rural population, epithelial cell abnormalities
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer has become the leading cause for mortality in women worldwide, especially indeveloping countries, estimated to be the fourth common cancer among women. Present study was done with an aim to observe the effectiveness of Pap Smear Screening for detection of precursor pre cancerous lesions of the cervix and Prevention of Cervical Cancer at Kolkata, India. Methods: The present study is a retrospective study done in the department of Pathology ESI-PGIMSR, Medical College and Hospital, Joka, Kolkata for a period of one year. The smears were taken with sterile Ayer’s spatula. Both ectocervix and endocervix were sampled. Materials were smeared on a pre-labelled glass slides to form a monolayer thick smear. Slides were fixed with methanol, which after drying were stained by rapid pap method. The conventional smears were screened and reported according to The Bethesda system 2001. Results: Out of total 110 smears, inflammatory smear was the most common abnormality Other lesions like Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and Atypical squamous cells of undeterrmined significance (ASCUS) were observed. Age group between 41-50 years contributed highest number of cases followed by age group between 31-40 years. Conclusion: Pap smear testing is a very useful, simple, economical, and safe tool for detecting precancerous lesions of the cervix . The Pap test has been regarded as the gold standard of cervical screening programs Countries like India with predominant rural population having low socio-economic status, marriage atan early age and poor medical facility , it is a major challenge to formulate a screening program that is easily available, within existing resources, to a large section of society.References
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17. Padmini CP, Indira N, Chaitra R, Das P, Girish BC, Nanda KM, et al. Cytological and colposcopic evaluation of unhealthy cervix. J Evid Med Healthc 2015;2:6920‑7.
18. Nayani ZS, Hendre PC. Comparison and correlation of pap smear with colposcopy and histopathology in evaluation of cervix. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2015;4:9236‑47.
19. Barouti E, Farzaneh F, Sene A. The pathogenic microorganism in papanicolaou vaginal smears and correlation with inflammation. J Family Reproduct Health 2013;7:23‑7.
2. National Centre for Disease Informatics Research, National Cancer Registry Programme, ICMR Time Trends in Cancer Incidence Rates, 1982–2010 Bangalore, India: NCDIR-NCRP (ICMR). 2013.
3. ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer. Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in India (Summary Report 2014‑08‑22); 2014.
4. Dutta S, Begum R, MazumderIndra D, Mandal SS, Mondal R, Biswas J, et al. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Women without Cervical Cancer: A Population-based Study in Eastern India. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2012;31(2):178-83.
5. Goodman A, Nour N. Cervical Cancer Screening: The Complex Interplay of Medical Infrastructure, Society and Culture. Oncologist. 2014;19(4):315-7.
6. Shastri SS, Mittra I, Mishra GA, Gupta S, Dikshit R, Singh S, et al. Effect of VIA Screening by Primary Health Workers: Randomized Controlled Study in Mumbai, India. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(3):dju009.
7. Aswathy S, Quereshi MA, Kurian B, Leelamoni K. Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge and practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(2):205-10.
8. Munoz N, Bosch XF, Sanjose SD, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, et al. Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(6):518-27.
9. Lakshmi PV, Gouri SS. Study and Analysis of Two Hundred Cervical PAP Smears in Our Hospital. Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 2016;3(9):2787-9.
10. Patel, Mandakini M., Amrish N. Pandya, and Jigna Modi. "Cervical Pap smear study and its utility in cancer screening, to specify the strategy for cervical cancer control." National Journal of CommunityMedicine 2011; 2(1): 49-51.
11. Ranabhat SK, Shrestha R, Tiwari M. Analysis of abnormal epithelial lesions in cervical pap smears in mid‑Western Nepal. J Pathol Nepal 2011;1:30‑3.
12. Siddharthar J, Rajkumar B, Deivasigamani K. Knowledge, Awareness and Prevention of Cervical Cancer among Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Puducherry, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;6:8(6):OC01-3.
13. Sachan PL, Singh M, Patel ML, Sachan R. A study on cervical cancer screening using pap smear test and clinical correlation. Asia Pac J OncolNurs 2018;5:337-41.
14. Gupta K, Malik NP, Sharma VK, Verma N, Gupta A. Prevalence of cervical dysplasia in Western Uttar Pradesh. J Cytol 2013;30:257‑62.
15. Vaghela BK, Vaghela VK, Santwani PM. Analysis of abnormal cervical cytology in papanicolaou smears at tertiary care center – A retrospective study. IJBAR 2014;5:47‑9.
16. Verma A, Verma S, Vashist S, Attri S, Singhal A. A study on cervical cancer screening in symptomatic women using papsmear in a tertiary care hospital in rural area of HimachalPradesh, India. Middle East FertilSoc J 2017;22:39‑42.
17. Padmini CP, Indira N, Chaitra R, Das P, Girish BC, Nanda KM, et al. Cytological and colposcopic evaluation of unhealthy cervix. J Evid Med Healthc 2015;2:6920‑7.
18. Nayani ZS, Hendre PC. Comparison and correlation of pap smear with colposcopy and histopathology in evaluation of cervix. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2015;4:9236‑47.
19. Barouti E, Farzaneh F, Sene A. The pathogenic microorganism in papanicolaou vaginal smears and correlation with inflammation. J Family Reproduct Health 2013;7:23‑7.
Published
2020-01-30
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