Removal of Air-Drying Artifact of Papanicolaou Stained Smears with Normal Saline and Fresh Frozen Plasma
Keywords:
drying artifact, papanicolaou stain, rehydration, fresh frozen plasma, normal saline
Abstract
Background Papanicolaou stained (Pap) smears in fine needle aspiration cytology play an important role for studying chromatin details of the cells and also ensures its optimal resemblance with the cell nuclei on histological sections. The conventional Pap Stained smears are ethanol fixed before drying. But delay in fixation due to any reason results in drying artifacts in the stained smears making it an inept smear for further examination. Aims & objectives: To study the role of rehydration fluid for removal of air drying artifact. Material and methods: Fifty fine needle aspiration smears from different organs with drying artifact in Pap Stained smears were included in the study. The smears were destained, rehydrated with rehydrating fluid for two hours and were restained with Pap stain after fixation with 95 % alcohol. Results : Smears treated with this solution showed reversal of the air drying artifact with better nuclear details and background material staining. Conclusion: Rehydration of destained Pap smears with rehydrating fluid followed by restaining results in optimal staining of the nuclear and background details preventing the material loss and making the smears appropriate for staining.References
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6. Bonime RG: Air-dried smears for cytologic studies. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:783-790.
7. Neiburgs HE: Cytologic technics for office and clinic. Postgrad Med 1958;23:309-320.
8. Kapse SS, Arakeri SU, Yerranguntla DP. Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears with Normal Saline: An Alternative for Conventional Wet Fixation Method in Cervical Cytological Study. J Cytol. 2018;35(4):199-203.
9. Shidham VB, Kampalath B, England J: Routine air drying of all smears prepared during fine needle aspiration and intraoperative cytology studies: an opportunity to practice a unified protocol offering the flexibility of choosing a variety of staining methods. ActaCytol 2001; 45: 60-68.
10. Chan JCK, Kung ITM: Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: Application of fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89:30–33
11. Yang GCH, Hoda SA: Combined use of the “scratch and smear” sampling technique and ultrafast Papanicolaou stain for intraoperative cytology. Acta Cytol 1997;41:1513–1518
12. Yang GCH, Greenbaum E: Clear nuclei of papillary thyroid carcinoma conspicuous in fine-needle aspiration and intraoperativesmears processed by ultrafast Papanicolaou’s stain. Mod Pathol 1997;10:552–555
13. Dahlstrom JE, Holdsworth J, Bassett ML, Jain S: Rehydration of air-dried smears: An alternative method for cytologic analysis of exfoliative cells. Acta Cytol 1999;43:214–217
14. Ng WF, Choi FB, Cheung LLH, Wu C, Leung CF, Ng CS: Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: Application in fluid cytology. Acta Cytol 1994;38:56–64
15. Jones CA: Papanicolaou staining of air-dried smears: Value in rapid diagnosis. Cytology 1996;7:333–339
16. Rupinder K, Shubra W, Kanwal M. Rehydration of air-dried smears versus wet fixation: A Cross-sectional study. Acta Cytol.2013;57:364–8.
17. Sivaraman G, Iyengar KR. Rehydrated air-dried pap smears as an alternative to wet-fixed smears. Acta Cytol. 2002;46:713–7.
18. Naib ZM, editor. Cytopathology. 4th ed. USA: Little, Brown and Company; 1996. The female genital tract.
19. Elgert PA, Gill GW, George N. Papanicolaou. Cytopathology. Lab Med. 2009;40:245–6.
20. Lencioni LJ, Staffieri JJ, Cardonnet LJ. Vaginal and urinary sediment smear staining technique without previous fixation; adapted to Papanicolaou's and Shorr's staining methods. J Lab Clin Med. 1954;44:595–9.
21. Shidham VB, Lindholm PF, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Chang CC, Komorowski R. Methods of cytologic smear preparation and fixation. Effect on the immunoreactivity of commonly used anticytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Acta Cytol. 2000;44:1015–22.
22. Shidham VB, Chang CC, Rao RN, Komorowski R, Chivukula M. Immunostaining of cytology smears: A comparative study to identify the most suitable method of smear preparation and fixation with reference to commonly used immunomarkers. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;29:217–21.
2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:E359–86.
3. Bobdey S, Sathwara J, Jain A, Balasubramaniam G. Burden of cervical cancer and role of screening in India. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2016;37:278–85.
4. Rupinder K, Shubra W, Kanwal M. Rehydration of air-dried smears versus wet fixation: A Cross-sectional study. Acta Cytol. 2013;57:364–8.
5. Lencioni LJ, Stafneri JJ, Cardonnet LJ: Vaginal and urinary sediment smear staining technique without previous fixation, adapted to Papanicolaou's and Shorr's staining methods. J Lab Clin Med 1954; 44:595-599.
6. Bonime RG: Air-dried smears for cytologic studies. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:783-790.
7. Neiburgs HE: Cytologic technics for office and clinic. Postgrad Med 1958;23:309-320.
8. Kapse SS, Arakeri SU, Yerranguntla DP. Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears with Normal Saline: An Alternative for Conventional Wet Fixation Method in Cervical Cytological Study. J Cytol. 2018;35(4):199-203.
9. Shidham VB, Kampalath B, England J: Routine air drying of all smears prepared during fine needle aspiration and intraoperative cytology studies: an opportunity to practice a unified protocol offering the flexibility of choosing a variety of staining methods. ActaCytol 2001; 45: 60-68.
10. Chan JCK, Kung ITM: Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: Application of fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89:30–33
11. Yang GCH, Hoda SA: Combined use of the “scratch and smear” sampling technique and ultrafast Papanicolaou stain for intraoperative cytology. Acta Cytol 1997;41:1513–1518
12. Yang GCH, Greenbaum E: Clear nuclei of papillary thyroid carcinoma conspicuous in fine-needle aspiration and intraoperativesmears processed by ultrafast Papanicolaou’s stain. Mod Pathol 1997;10:552–555
13. Dahlstrom JE, Holdsworth J, Bassett ML, Jain S: Rehydration of air-dried smears: An alternative method for cytologic analysis of exfoliative cells. Acta Cytol 1999;43:214–217
14. Ng WF, Choi FB, Cheung LLH, Wu C, Leung CF, Ng CS: Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: Application in fluid cytology. Acta Cytol 1994;38:56–64
15. Jones CA: Papanicolaou staining of air-dried smears: Value in rapid diagnosis. Cytology 1996;7:333–339
16. Rupinder K, Shubra W, Kanwal M. Rehydration of air-dried smears versus wet fixation: A Cross-sectional study. Acta Cytol.2013;57:364–8.
17. Sivaraman G, Iyengar KR. Rehydrated air-dried pap smears as an alternative to wet-fixed smears. Acta Cytol. 2002;46:713–7.
18. Naib ZM, editor. Cytopathology. 4th ed. USA: Little, Brown and Company; 1996. The female genital tract.
19. Elgert PA, Gill GW, George N. Papanicolaou. Cytopathology. Lab Med. 2009;40:245–6.
20. Lencioni LJ, Staffieri JJ, Cardonnet LJ. Vaginal and urinary sediment smear staining technique without previous fixation; adapted to Papanicolaou's and Shorr's staining methods. J Lab Clin Med. 1954;44:595–9.
21. Shidham VB, Lindholm PF, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Chang CC, Komorowski R. Methods of cytologic smear preparation and fixation. Effect on the immunoreactivity of commonly used anticytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Acta Cytol. 2000;44:1015–22.
22. Shidham VB, Chang CC, Rao RN, Komorowski R, Chivukula M. Immunostaining of cytology smears: A comparative study to identify the most suitable method of smear preparation and fixation with reference to commonly used immunomarkers. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;29:217–21.
Published
2020-04-03
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