Epidemiological study on human, cattle and rodent leptospirosis in South Gujarat region of India
Keywords:
eptospirosis, Microscopic Agglutination Test, PCR, Polymerize Chain Reaction
Abstract
Background: Surat district and neighbouring districts like Valsad, Navsari in South Gujarat region are considered as an endemic area for leptosprirosis. Types of leptospira serovars are depend on geographical area so it was important to find serovars which are predominant in humans, cattle and environment (soil, water) of this area.So aim of the study was to establish the transmission cycle of leprospirosis in this area by Isolation techniques and serology.Methods: 207 human, 92 rodent and 258 animal blood samples were subjected to PCR, MAT test and culture in EMJH media. In addition, 550 animal urine, 7 rodent urine, 19 animal kidney and 571 rodent kidney were also tested by PCR.Results: Out of total 207 suspected cases, 161 samples were positive by MAT and 94(45%) positive by Real time PCR. 51(24%) samples were positive by MAT and PCR both tests. In cattle and rodent, 65 and 9 serum samples were positive by MAT test for leptospirosis.Predominant serovars observed in human cases, cattle and rodents were L. Autumnalis, L.Canicola, L. Pomona and L. Icterohaemorrahgiae.Conclusion:The current study reveals the presence of common leptospiral serovars, Autumnalis and Pomona infecting man, animals, and rodents, by serology and isolation. Hence this study reiterates the need for a strong and highly detailed control program for leptospirosis in this region, which should begin from the rodents and encompass the domestic animals as well. DOI: 10.21276/APALM.1282 Dear author(s), Congratulations ! Your article has been included and published in the current issue of Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. To view your article, kindly click on the following link: http://www.pacificejournals.com/journal/index.php/apalm/issue/view/apalm4.5 Please email us at editor.apalm@gmail.com if there is any correction in your published article, within 3 working days from the receipt of the email. Any correction suggested after 3 days shall not be entertained. Please make the corrections’ list self-explanatory and easily understandable for a non-medical expert. If you have access to Acrobat, it may be helpful to mark the corrections in the PDF file using tools like PENCIL and NOTE. Or you can use following form for proofreading https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4O8Udw-zRC_aEh6NXkxMXJ0MGM We encourage you to mention your article on your website and/or your social media profiles for its wider citation and referencing. We once again thank you for your intellectual contribution to APALM and look forward to have your long term association with us. Regards Co-Editor-in-Chief Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (APALM)www.pacificejournals.com/apalmwww.apalm.orghttps://doi.org/10.21276/apalm Note: Any request for change in the article (excluding typographical errors or any unforeseen omissions on our part) shall be chargeable.DOI of your article will be active after 20 days of publication.References
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22. Bharadwaj R., Bal AM., Joshi SA., Kagal A., Pol S.S, et al. An outbreak of leptospirosis in Mumbai, India. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis 2002;55:194-196.
23. Priya CG, Hoogendijk KT, Berg M, Rathinam SR, Ahmed A, Muthukkaruppan VR, et al. Field rats form a measure infection source of leptospirosis in and around Madurai, India. J Postgrad Med 2007;53:236-40. Back to cited text no. 9 [PUBMED]
24. Natarajaseenivasan K, Vedhagiri K, Sivabalan V, Prabagaran SG, Sukumar S, Artiushin SC, et al. Seroprevalence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar javanica infection among dairy cattle, rats and humans in the Cauvery river valley of southern India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:679-86.
25. Kuriakose M, Paul R, Joseph MR, Sugathan S, Sudha TN. Leptospirosis in a midland rural area of Kerala State. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:307-12.
26. Arumugam, G, Jacob, S.M, Anitha, D. and Rajappa, S.M. Occurrence of leptospirosis among suspected cases in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol2011;54: 100-2.
2. Cinco M. New insights into the pathogenicity of leptospires: evasion of host defences. New Microbiol2010; 33: 283-292.
3. Bey RF., Johnson RC. Current status of leptospiral vaccines .Prog.vet. Microbiol. Immunol 1986; 2:175-197.
4. Songer JG., Chilelli CJ., Marshall M.M., Noon T.H., Meyer R., 1983. Serological survey for leptospirosis in Arizona beef cattle in 1981. Am. J. vet. Res., 44: 1763-1764.
5. Lau C, Smythe L, Weinstein P. Leptospirosis—an emerging disease in travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2010; 8: 33-39.
6. Sharma S, Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Sehgal SC. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among high-risk population of andaman islands, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg2006; 74: 278-283.
7. Guerra MA. Leptospirosis: Public health perspectives. Biologicals: journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 2013;41(5):295-297. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010.
8. Chen I-C, Hill JK, Ohlemuller R, Roy DB, Thomas CD. Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science. 2011; 333:1024–6. [PubMed: 21852500]
9. Levett PN. Leptospirosis: a forgotten zoonosis? ClinApplImmunol Rev 2004; 4: 435-448.
10. Bolin C. Leptospirosis, In: Brown C, Bolin C, eds. Emerging diseases of animals. Wash-ington, DC: ASM Press, 2000; 185-200.
11. Brandão AP, Camargo ED, da Silva ED, Silva MV, Abrão RV. Macroscopic agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of human leptospirosis. J ClinMicrobiol 1998; 36: 3138-3142.
12. Dassanayake DLB, Wimalaratna H, Agampodi SB, Liyanapathrirana VC, Piyarathna TACL, Goonapienuwala BL et al. Evaluation of surveillance case definition in the diagnosis of leptospirosis, using the microscopic agglutination test: a validation study. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 48.
13. Vijayachari P, Suganan AP, Sehgal SC. Role of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) as a diagnostic tool during acute stage of leptospirosisin low and high endemic areas. Indian J Med Res 2001;114:99-106.
14. Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG, Loden M, Wagenaar JFP, Klatser PR et al. Prospective Evaluation of Three Rapid Diagnostic Tests for diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7(7): e2290.
15. Dikken H, Kmety E. Serological typing methods of leptospires. Methods in Microbiology, London: Academic Press eds. Bergan T, Norris JR. 1978;Pp 259–307.
16. Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Climate change,flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire. Trans RSoc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104: 631-638.
17. Brown PD, McKenzie M, Pinnock M, McGrowder D. Environmental risk factors associated with leptospirosis among butchers and their associates in Jamaica. The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2011 Jan;2(1):47-57. PubMed PMID: 23022818. Epub 2011/01/01. eng.
18. Chusri S, Sritrairatchai S, Hortiwahul T, Charoenmak B, Silpapojakul K. Leptospirosis among river water rafters in Satoon, southern Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2012 Jul;95(7):874-7. PubMed PMID: 22919980. Epub 2012/08/28. eng.
19. Lau CL, Skelly C, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Emergence of new leptospiral serovars in American Samoa - ascertainment or ecological change? BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12:19. PubMed PMID: 22273116. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3305655. Epub 2012/01/26. eng.
20. Faine S. Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis. World Health Organisation, offset publication No.67, Geneva, Switzerland. 1982. P.171.
21. Soman M., Jayaprakasan V., Mini M., Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Human beings and Animals in Central and North Kerala. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 2014; 7: 38-41.
22. Bharadwaj R., Bal AM., Joshi SA., Kagal A., Pol S.S, et al. An outbreak of leptospirosis in Mumbai, India. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis 2002;55:194-196.
23. Priya CG, Hoogendijk KT, Berg M, Rathinam SR, Ahmed A, Muthukkaruppan VR, et al. Field rats form a measure infection source of leptospirosis in and around Madurai, India. J Postgrad Med 2007;53:236-40. Back to cited text no. 9 [PUBMED]
24. Natarajaseenivasan K, Vedhagiri K, Sivabalan V, Prabagaran SG, Sukumar S, Artiushin SC, et al. Seroprevalence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar javanica infection among dairy cattle, rats and humans in the Cauvery river valley of southern India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:679-86.
25. Kuriakose M, Paul R, Joseph MR, Sugathan S, Sudha TN. Leptospirosis in a midland rural area of Kerala State. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:307-12.
26. Arumugam, G, Jacob, S.M, Anitha, D. and Rajappa, S.M. Occurrence of leptospirosis among suspected cases in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol2011;54: 100-2.
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2017-10-25
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