Tender Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husk anaerobic leachate as a potent antifungal and antibacterial agent
Keywords:
Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, lyophilized leachate, raw leachate
Abstract
Background: Leaching of tender coconut husk in anaerobic condition may leads to the production of a wide range of secondary metabolites including, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. In this study we have evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of tender coconut husk leachate against Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Penicillium sps, Aspergillus niger and Mucor indicus.Methods: Leachate was treated separately as unaltered raw leachate and lyophilized leachate. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the tender coconut husk leachate was carried out using standard procedures. There are differences in the constituents present with raw and lyophilized leachate. Antibacterial activity were determined using disc diffusion method and also by calculating MIC and MBC. Antifungal activity was determined using poison plate method.Result: Anaerobic leaching leads to the extraction of potent secondary metabolites which possess antbacterial and antifungal activities. Both the lyophilized and air dried raw leachate was effective in preventing the growth of gram negative bacteria (E.coli and K.pneumoniae) whereas the gram positive bacteria ( S.aureus and L.plantarum) were least affected. In higher concentrations leachate exhibited similar inhibitory activity as that of positive control used. We could also observe a concentration dependent growth inhibition in majority of the treatments.Conclusion: From this study we could conclude that the anaerobic leachate of tender coconut husk exhibits antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic organisms. In all the trials the raw and lyophilized leachate showed very prominent control over both the bacteria and fungus studied. Further studies like specific characterization of potent molecules from the leachate and their action on multidrug resistant microorganisms are necessary to develop effective and safe antimicrobial products.References
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2. Christensen CM, Kaufmann HH, Deterioration of Stored grains by fungi, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1965;3:69-84.
3. Neergard P. In: Seed Pathology, (TheMcMillan Press Ltd. London and Basingatoke) Vol. I. 1977:118-269.
4. Park JW, Kim EK & Kim YB, Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption. Food additives and contaminants. 2004; 2(1):70-75.
5. Koirala, P, Kumar S, Yadar BK &Premarajan KC, Occurrence of Aflatoxin in some of the food and feed in Nepal. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005; 59: 331-336.
6. Domijan A, Feraica M, Jurjevic Z, Ivil D &Cvjetkovic B, Fumonisin B1,fumonisin B2, Zearalenone and ochratoxin a contamination of maize in Croatia. Food additives and contaminants.2005;22: 677-680.
7. Calvo MA, Arosemena EL, Shiva C&Adelantado C,Antimicrobial activity of plant natural extracts and essential oils, Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. 2011;1:1179-1185.
8. ShirishaRao, BibechanaTimsina&Varalakshmi KN, Antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants and their comparative cytotoxic effects on HEPG2 cell line. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;6(1): 101-105.
9. Ravindranath AD, Bhosle S, Development of bacterial consortium for coir retting. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2000; 59: 140-143.
10. Lima EBC, Sousa CNS, Meneses LN, Ximenes NC, Santos. Junior MA, Vasconcelos GS, Lima NBC, Patrocínio MCA, Macedo D &Vasconcelos SMM, Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015;48(11): 953-964.
11. Tushar R. Jadhav and Moon RS, Review on lyophilization technique. World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2015;4(5) :1906-1928.
12. Trease GE & Evans WC, Pharmacology 11thed, (BailliereTindall Ltd., London).1989;60-75.
13. Sofowora A, Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines in Africa (Chichester John Wiley & Sons New York). 1993; 97- 145.
14. Kokate CK, Purohit AP &Gokhale SB, Practical Pharmacognosy, 4th ed. (VallabhPrakashan Publishers, New Delhi). 2006; 107-108
15. Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility by standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1966; 45(4): 493-496.
16. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC &Yolken, RH, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edition. (American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington DC). 1995; 1482 p.
17. Schmitz H, Food poisoned technique. Industrial Engineering Chemical Analyst Education. 1930; 361-363.
18. Alviano WS, Alviano DS, Diniz CG, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, Farias LM, et al. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53:545-52.
19. Prashanth GM, Chandu GN. The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcussanguis: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2007;18:148-51.
20. Shettigar R, Lala R, Nandvikar NY. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of coconut husk extract. Annals of Applied Bio-sciences. 2014; 1:A23-27.
21. Sikkema J, De Bont AM, Poolman BM. Interaction of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. J BiolChem 1994;269:8022-8.
Published
2017-12-20
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