Prevalent clones of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Pakistan by various typing techniques
Keywords:
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Multi locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), Staphylococcal interspersed repeat unit (SIRU) typing, Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST).
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is an important pathogen that causes infections in both hospital and community settings .The resistant to methicillin in S.aureus emerged in 1960s and since then the prevalence of Methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA) has been increasing globally. The increasing incidence of MRSA infections demands a quick and reliable characterization of isolates and investigation of clonal spread of clones in hospitals as well as in the community to generate information that helps health care professionals to implement appropriate measure to control these infections. To investigate the MRSA outbreaks, evaluation of transmission of MRSA strains and their evolution, bacterial typing techniques are important tools. The continuous surveillance and monitoring of presence of MRSA in community and hospital settings is important to make a clear understanding of dynamics of spread of MRSA to assist in controlling its dissemination.In this review the various typing techniques that have been used to type MRSA isolates from Pakistan have been discussed. This review also focuses on the various clones of MRSA that are reported in Pakistani community as well as in hospitalized patientsReferences
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25. Hardy KJ, Ussery DW, Oppenheim BA, Hawkey PM. Distribution and characterization of Staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRUs) and potential use for strain differentiation. Microbiology. 2004; 150 (12): 4045-4052.
26. Schouls LM, Spalburg EC, Van Luit M, Huijsdens XW, Pluister GN et al. Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with pulsed field gel electrophoresis and spa typing. PLOs One.2009; 4 (4): 5082.
27. Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM et al. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonization of typing methods. Int J Antimicrob Agents.2012; 39 (4): 273-282.
28. Conceico T, Aires de Sousa M, De Lencastrel H. Staphylococcal interspersed repeat unit typing of Staphylococcus aureus: evaluation of new multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis typing method. J Clin Microbiol.2009; 47 (5): 1300-1308.
29. Hardy, KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F and Hawkey PM. Use of variation in Staphylococcal interspersed repeat units for molecular typing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44: 271-273.
2. Lowy FD. Antibiotic resistance the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest.2003; 111: 1265-73.
3. Udo EE, Pearmen JW and Grubb WB. Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in western Australia. J Hosp Infect.1993; 25: 97-108.
4. Dumitrescu O and Lina G. Current outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infec. 2012; 18 (8). 723-724.
5. Akande OA. Global trend of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and emerging challenges for control. AJCEM. 2010; 11(3):150-158.
6. Wijaya L, Hsu LY and Kurup A. Community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: overview and local Situation. Ann Acad MED Singapore. 2006; 35:479-486.
7. Hafiz S, Hafiz AN, Ali L, Chugtai AS, Memon B, Ahmad A et al. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a multicenter study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002; 52(7):312-317.
8. Trindade PA, McCulloch JA, Oliveira GA and Mamizuka EM. Molecular techniques for MRSA typing: current issues and perspectives. Braz J Infect Dis. 2003; 7 (1): 32-43.
9. Sabat A, Malachowa N, Miedzobrodzki J and Hryniewicz W. Comparison of PCR based methods for typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44 (10): 3804.
10. Groud R, Gupta S, Neogi U, AgarwalD, Naidu K, Chalannavar R et al. Community prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus areas in and around Bangalore South India. Rev Soc Brass MED Trop. 2011; 44 (3): 309-12.
11. Weller, TMA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus typing methods: Which should be the international Standard?. J Hosp Infect. 2000; 44:160-172.
12. Kali A, Stephen S, Sivaraman U, Kumar S, Joseph NM et al. Bacteriophage types of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital. Australas MED J.2013; 6 (10): 496-503.
13. Bhalla P, Mehndiratta PL. Typing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A technical review. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012;30:16-23.
14. Tenover FC, Arbiet RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed –field gel electrophoresis: Criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 2233-2239.
15. Naomi Boxall. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: A tool for molecular epidemiology (master of veterinary studies). 1999; Massey university, New Zealand.
16. Goering, RV. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: A review of application and interpretation in the molecular epidemiology of infectious disease. Infect. Genet. Evol.2010; 866-875.
17. Cooper JE and Feil EJ. Multilocus sequence typing-what is resolved?.Trends Microbiol. 2004; 12:373-377.
18. Shabir S, Hardy KJ, Abbasi WS, McMurray CL, Malik SA et al. Epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Pakistan and India. J. MED. Microbiol.2010; 59:330-337.
19. Belkum AV, Tassios PT, Dijkshoorns S, Cooksons B, Fry NK et al. Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007; 13 (3): 1-46.
20. Khatoon A, Hussain SF, Shahid SM and Azhar A. A new PCR strategy for multilocus sequence typing of methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013; 7 (15): 1385-1388.
21. Pourcel C, Hormigos K, Onteniente L, Sakwinska O, Deurenberg RH et al. Improved Multiple-Locus Variable-Number tandem-Repeat assay for Staphylococcus aureus genotyping, providing a highly informative technique together with strong phylogenetic value. J Clin Microbiol. 2009; 47 (10): 3121-3128.
22. Chongtrakool P, Ito T , Ma X X, Kondo Y, Trakulsomboon S et al. Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCCmec Elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2006; 3 (50): 1001-1002.
23. Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V and Thein SL. Hypervariable‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA.1992. Biotechnology; 24: 467–472.
24. Supply P, Magdalena J, Himpens S and Locht C. Identification of novel intergenic repetitive units in a Mycobacterial two-component system operon. Mol Micro.1997; 26: 991–1003.
25. Hardy KJ, Ussery DW, Oppenheim BA, Hawkey PM. Distribution and characterization of Staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRUs) and potential use for strain differentiation. Microbiology. 2004; 150 (12): 4045-4052.
26. Schouls LM, Spalburg EC, Van Luit M, Huijsdens XW, Pluister GN et al. Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with pulsed field gel electrophoresis and spa typing. PLOs One.2009; 4 (4): 5082.
27. Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM et al. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonization of typing methods. Int J Antimicrob Agents.2012; 39 (4): 273-282.
28. Conceico T, Aires de Sousa M, De Lencastrel H. Staphylococcal interspersed repeat unit typing of Staphylococcus aureus: evaluation of new multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis typing method. J Clin Microbiol.2009; 47 (5): 1300-1308.
29. Hardy, KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F and Hawkey PM. Use of variation in Staphylococcal interspersed repeat units for molecular typing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44: 271-273.
Published
2015-05-10
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Section
Review Article
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