Significance of sperm characteristics in the evaluation of male infertility in a tertiary care centre
Keywords:
Semen Analysis, Male Infertility, Sperm Motility, Morphology
Abstract
Background: Infertility is both a clinical and a public problem. Standard semen analysis is the surrogate measure of male fertility in clinical practiceto determine prevalence of low sperm count including oligozoospermia and azoospermia and to assess the pattern and distribution of abnormal semen parameters in infertile men.Methods: The retrospective study was conducted with compiling of the data from archival record over a period of three years from June 2013 to June 2016. A total of 933 male partners of women attending the fertility clinic of hospital between the ages of 20 and 50 years were recruited. The samples taken were primary infertility cases using simple random sampling 4 technique. Semen analysis was performed according to the standards outlined by the World Health Organization (5thedition 2010). Parameters outlined included: Appearance, Volume,pH, Sperm concentration, Motility, Morphology, Viability and White cell countResult: Out of 933 samples; normozoospermia was observed in 659(70.6%) males, oligozoospermia 170(18.2%), and azoospermia 104(11.1%). The azoospermic and oligozoospermic samples had low ejaculated volume, but significantly higher percentage of pus cells in comparison to normozoospermic samples. The oligozoospermic samples had higher percentage of immotile sperms and abnormal morphology in comparison to normozoospermic samples. Asthenozoospermia was observed in 118(14.2%), teratozoospermia in 24(2.9%), and oligoteratozoospermia in 11(1.3%) of samples.Conclusion: Majority of cases of infertility in males show normal sperm count. Oligozoospermia followed by azoospermia is seen in rest of the cases while less sperm motility or less amount of semen are also responsible in some cases.DOI:10.21276/APALM.1502References
1.Milardi D, Grande G, Sacchini D, Astorri AL, Pompa G, Giampietro A et al. Male fertility and reduction in semen parameters: a single tertiary-care center experience. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 649(1155): 149-55.
2.Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ 1992; 305(6854): 609- 13.
3.Fisch H. Declining Worldwide Sperm Counts: Disproving a Myth. Urol Clin N Am 2008; 35(2): 137-46.
4.Butt F, Akram N. Semen analysis parameters: Experiences and insight into male infertility at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63(5):558-62.
5.Acacio BD, Gottfried T, Israel R, Sokol RZ. Evaluation of a large cohort of men presenting for a screening semen analysis. Fertil Steril 2000; 73(3): 595- 7.
6.Wong WY, Thomas CMG, Merkus JM, Zielhius GA, Steegers-theunissen RP. Male factor sub fertility: possible causes and impact of nutritional factors. Fertil Steril 2000; 73(5): 435-42.
7.Samal S, Dhadwe K, Gupta U, Gupta NK. Epidemiological Study of Male Infertility. Indian Medical Gazette 2012; 5: 174-80.
8.Kumar N, Choudhari AR, Singh AK. Prevalence of Male Factor Infertility in Last Ten Years at a Rural Tertiary Care Centre of Central India: A Retrospective Analysis . Ind J Obs and Gynaecol Res 2015; 2:132-36.
9.World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization 2010; 223-6.
10.Kumar A. Fertility and in-vitro fertilization in India. Current Science 2004; 86(2): 254-6.
11.Bhaduri (Bhattacharyya) N, Sarkar AP, Dewasi N, Ghosh TK. Abnormalities in semen analysis among male partners of infertile couples: a study in a tertiary care level hospital of West Bengal, India. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4(1): 100-2
12.Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J et al. Semen quality of fertile Japanese men: a cross-sectional population-based study of 792 men. Reprod Med Biol 2007;6(1):185–93.
13.Jequier AM. Semen analysis: a new manual and its application to the understanding of semen and its pathology. Asian J Androl 2010;12(1):11-3.
14.Khan AA, Khan FA, Sattar A, Naveed AK, Ahmed M. Azoospermia in clinical practice at Rawalpindi. Pak Armed Forces Med J 1992; 42(12): 93- 95.
15.Subhan F, Tahir F, Ahmad R, Khan ZU. The study of azoospermic patients in relation to their hormonal profile (LH, FSH and Testosterone). Rawal Med J 1995; 22(6): 25-7.
16.Imam MEI, Siuf A, Mansour MM, Khalid KE, Yosif N, Elhasan EM, Miskeen E. Semen Analysis of Infertile Sudanese Males in Gezira State. Central Sudan. SJPH 2009;4(3): 340-4.
17.Nwafia WC, Igweh JC, Udebuani IN. Semen analysis of infertile igbo males in enugu, eastern Nigeria. Niger J Physiol Sci 2006; 21(1-2): 67-70.
18.Subhan F, Tahir, F, Alam W, Sultan S, Shahab M. Seminal and hormonal profiles of fertile and subfertile Pakistani men -a study of infertility cases. Pak J Med Res 2000; 39(3): 42-5.
19.Curi SM, Ariagno JI, Chenlo PH, Mendeluk GR, Pugliese MN, Sardisegovia LM, et al. Asthenozoospermia: analysis of a large population. Arch Androl 2003; 49(5): 343-9.
20.Dua AA, Vaidya SR. Sperm motility and morphology as changing parameters linked to sperm count variations. J Postgrad Med 1996; 42(4): 93-6.
21.Jarow JP, Espeland MA, Lipshultz G. Evaluation of the azoospermic patients. J Urol 1989; 142(1): 62-5.
22.Mathews T, Mati JK, Formula JN. A study of infertility in Kenya. Results of investigation of the infertile couples in Nairobi. East Afr Med J 1981; 58(4): 258-67.
2.Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ 1992; 305(6854): 609- 13.
3.Fisch H. Declining Worldwide Sperm Counts: Disproving a Myth. Urol Clin N Am 2008; 35(2): 137-46.
4.Butt F, Akram N. Semen analysis parameters: Experiences and insight into male infertility at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63(5):558-62.
5.Acacio BD, Gottfried T, Israel R, Sokol RZ. Evaluation of a large cohort of men presenting for a screening semen analysis. Fertil Steril 2000; 73(3): 595- 7.
6.Wong WY, Thomas CMG, Merkus JM, Zielhius GA, Steegers-theunissen RP. Male factor sub fertility: possible causes and impact of nutritional factors. Fertil Steril 2000; 73(5): 435-42.
7.Samal S, Dhadwe K, Gupta U, Gupta NK. Epidemiological Study of Male Infertility. Indian Medical Gazette 2012; 5: 174-80.
8.Kumar N, Choudhari AR, Singh AK. Prevalence of Male Factor Infertility in Last Ten Years at a Rural Tertiary Care Centre of Central India: A Retrospective Analysis . Ind J Obs and Gynaecol Res 2015; 2:132-36.
9.World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization 2010; 223-6.
10.Kumar A. Fertility and in-vitro fertilization in India. Current Science 2004; 86(2): 254-6.
11.Bhaduri (Bhattacharyya) N, Sarkar AP, Dewasi N, Ghosh TK. Abnormalities in semen analysis among male partners of infertile couples: a study in a tertiary care level hospital of West Bengal, India. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4(1): 100-2
12.Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J et al. Semen quality of fertile Japanese men: a cross-sectional population-based study of 792 men. Reprod Med Biol 2007;6(1):185–93.
13.Jequier AM. Semen analysis: a new manual and its application to the understanding of semen and its pathology. Asian J Androl 2010;12(1):11-3.
14.Khan AA, Khan FA, Sattar A, Naveed AK, Ahmed M. Azoospermia in clinical practice at Rawalpindi. Pak Armed Forces Med J 1992; 42(12): 93- 95.
15.Subhan F, Tahir F, Ahmad R, Khan ZU. The study of azoospermic patients in relation to their hormonal profile (LH, FSH and Testosterone). Rawal Med J 1995; 22(6): 25-7.
16.Imam MEI, Siuf A, Mansour MM, Khalid KE, Yosif N, Elhasan EM, Miskeen E. Semen Analysis of Infertile Sudanese Males in Gezira State. Central Sudan. SJPH 2009;4(3): 340-4.
17.Nwafia WC, Igweh JC, Udebuani IN. Semen analysis of infertile igbo males in enugu, eastern Nigeria. Niger J Physiol Sci 2006; 21(1-2): 67-70.
18.Subhan F, Tahir, F, Alam W, Sultan S, Shahab M. Seminal and hormonal profiles of fertile and subfertile Pakistani men -a study of infertility cases. Pak J Med Res 2000; 39(3): 42-5.
19.Curi SM, Ariagno JI, Chenlo PH, Mendeluk GR, Pugliese MN, Sardisegovia LM, et al. Asthenozoospermia: analysis of a large population. Arch Androl 2003; 49(5): 343-9.
20.Dua AA, Vaidya SR. Sperm motility and morphology as changing parameters linked to sperm count variations. J Postgrad Med 1996; 42(4): 93-6.
21.Jarow JP, Espeland MA, Lipshultz G. Evaluation of the azoospermic patients. J Urol 1989; 142(1): 62-5.
22.Mathews T, Mati JK, Formula JN. A study of infertility in Kenya. Results of investigation of the infertile couples in Nairobi. East Afr Med J 1981; 58(4): 258-67.
Published
2017-10-27
Issue
Section
Original Article
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html).
